منابع مشابه
Evolutionary contingency
believe that a hallmark of good science is that it can be explained concisely in simple, jargon-free terms to a non-scientist. Karl von Frisch, the famous Nobel laureate who championed the study of honeybee behaviour, is said to have commented that a good scientific seminar should be organized in three parts. The first part should consist of material that the audience already knows, so that the...
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Many events in the history of life are thought to be singular, that is, without parallels, analogs, or homologs in time and space. These claims imply that history is profoundly contingent in that independent origins of life in the universe will spawn radically different histories. If, however, most innovations arose more than once on Earth, histories would be predictable and replicable at the s...
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In information security, ignorance is not bliss. It is always stated that hiding the protocols (let the other be ignorant about it) does not increase the security of organizations. However, there are cases that ignorance creates protocols. In this paper, we propose distributed contingency logic, a proper extension of contingency (ignorance) logic. Intuitively, a formula is distributed contingen...
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Contingency management (CM), the systematic reinforcement of desired behaviors and the withholding of reinforcement or punishment of undesired behaviors, is an effective strategy in the treatment of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use disorders. Animal research provides the conceptual basis for using CM in AOD abuse treatment, and human studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of CM interventio...
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We consider the problem of minimizing costs in the generation unit commitment problem, a cornerstone in electric power system operations, while enforcing an N-k-ε reliability criterion. This reliability criterion is a generalization of the wellknown N-k criterion, and dictates that at least (1−ε j) fraction of the total system demand must be met following the failures of k or fewer system compo...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Current Biology
سال: 2006
ISSN: 0960-9822
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.08.076